Vocabulary Chapter 12

Abortion 

Is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus.

Aneuploidy

Is an abnormal number of chromosomes, and is a type of chromosome abnormality.

Autosome

Are chromosomes that contain information (gene sequences) available to both sexes.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis.

Deletion

Result from loss of parts of chromosomes.

Disease

Is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism.

Double-Blind Study

Is one in which neither the participants or the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment

Duplication

Is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene.

Genetic Abnormality

A disease or disorder that is inherited genetically.

Genetic Disorder 

is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA.

Genetic Recombination

Is a process by which a molecule of nucleic acid is broken and then joined to a different one

Homologous Chromosome

Are chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position and centromere location.

In-Vitro Fertilization

Is a process by which egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside the body.

Independent Assortment

Occurs because there are various ways that chromosomes may be aligned in metaphase I of meiosis

Inversion

An inversion occurs when the specific order of genes is switched within a chromosome.

Karyotype

Is an organized profile of a person's chromosomes

Linkage Group

A pair or set of genes on a chromosome that tend to be transmitted together.

Mosaicism

When different cells within an individual, who has developed from a single fertilized egg, have a different chromosomal makeup.

Non-Disjunction

Is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis.

Polyploidy

Is a term used to describe cells and organisms containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

 

Reciprocal Cross

Is a breeding experiment designed to test the role of parental sex on a given inheritance pattern.

Sex Chromosome

Determine the sex of an organism.

Syndrome

A set of signs and symptoms that tend to occur together and which reflect the presence of a particular disease or an increased 

Translocation

chromosomal abnormalities which occur when chromosomes break and the fragments rejoin to other chromosomes.

X Chromosome And Y Chromosome

X is a sex chromosome found in both females and males. And Y determine The male Sex

Vocabulary Chapter 11

My scientific studies have afforded me great gratification; and I am convinced that it will not be long before the whole world acknowledges the results of my work. -Gregor Mendel

Allele

is one of two or more forms of the DNA sequence of a particular gene.

codominance

 refers to a relationship between two alleles of a gene

.

 Continous Variation

Of a population, a more or less continuous range of small differences in a given trait among its individuals.

Dihybrid Cross

is a cross between F1 offspring (first generation offspring) of two individuals that differ in two traits of particular interest.

epistasis

Interaction between the products of two or more gene pairs.

F₁

The offspring of the initial genetic cross.

F₂

The offspring of parents that are the first filial generation from a genetic cross

Gene

is a unit of heredity in a living organism.

Genotype 

is the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual.

Heterozygous

When cells of diploid organism contain two different alleles of a gene.

Homozygous Dominant  

That it has two dominant alleles.

Homozygous Recessive

A same trait that is not the stronger trait which is dominant.

 Hybrid Offspring

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.

Incomplete Dominance

Is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other.

Independent Assortment

States that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes.

Monohybrid Cross

Is a cross between two parents that breed true for different versions of a single trait. 

Multiple Alelle System

A "variation" of a gene.Genes which have more than two alleles

Phenotype

Is any observable characteristic or trait of an organism.

Pleiotropy

Is the condition in which a gene influences the phenotype of more than one part of the body.

Probability 

The chance that each outcome of a given event will occur is proportional to the number of ways the outcome can be reached.

Punnet-square Method

A way to predict probable outcomes of a genetic cross.

Segregation 

States that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.

Testcross

A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual with the homozygous recessive genotype.

True-breeding lineage

Occurs when offspring inherited identical alleles, generation after generation.