Vocabulary Chapter 13 and 14

Adenine

Is a nucleobase (a purine derivative) with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration.

Bacteriophage

Viruses that infect bacteria.

Cloning

Organism that is an exact genetic copy of another

Cytosine

is one of the 5 main nitrogenous bases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell. 

  deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 

is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms

DNA Ligase

catalyze formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 5' phosphate of one strand of DNA and the 3' hydroxyl of the another

 DNA Polymerase

Is an enzyme that helps catalyze in the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand.

 

DNA Repair

Refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.

DNA Replication

Is the second part of interphase where the cell makes an exact copy of the DNA.

 

Guanine

is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

Nucleotide

are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA

Thymine

 Organic compound of the pyrimidine family that is a constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

X-Ray Diffraction 

A photograph or image obtained through the use of x-rays. An x-ray is taken when an image of internal body structures

Anticodon

Region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA

Base Sequence

The order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. 

 

Base-Pair Substitution

a permanent transmissible change in the genetic material

 

Carcinogen

is a substance capable of causing cancer

 

Codon

a series of three adjacent bases in one polynucleotide chain of a DNA or RNA molecule, which codes for a specific amino acid.

 

Deletion

The total loss or part of a gene. 

 

Exon

The region of a gene that contains the code for producing protein.

 

Gene Mutarion

occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene

 

Genetic Code

is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material

 

Insertion

  Insertion of one to a few bases into a DNA strand. Also, a movable attachment of muscle to bone

 

Intron

is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA

 

 

Ionizing Radiation

is energy in the form of waves or particles that has enough force to remove electrons from atoms.

 

Messenger RNA

is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product

 

Mutation Rate

The rate at which a genetic marker mutates or changes over time.

Vocabulary Chapter 12

Abortion 

Is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus.

Aneuploidy

Is an abnormal number of chromosomes, and is a type of chromosome abnormality.

Autosome

Are chromosomes that contain information (gene sequences) available to both sexes.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis.

Deletion

Result from loss of parts of chromosomes.

Disease

Is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism.

Double-Blind Study

Is one in which neither the participants or the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment

Duplication

Is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene.

Genetic Abnormality

A disease or disorder that is inherited genetically.

Genetic Disorder 

is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA.

Genetic Recombination

Is a process by which a molecule of nucleic acid is broken and then joined to a different one

Homologous Chromosome

Are chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position and centromere location.

In-Vitro Fertilization

Is a process by which egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside the body.

Independent Assortment

Occurs because there are various ways that chromosomes may be aligned in metaphase I of meiosis

Inversion

An inversion occurs when the specific order of genes is switched within a chromosome.

Karyotype

Is an organized profile of a person's chromosomes

Linkage Group

A pair or set of genes on a chromosome that tend to be transmitted together.

Mosaicism

When different cells within an individual, who has developed from a single fertilized egg, have a different chromosomal makeup.

Non-Disjunction

Is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis.

Polyploidy

Is a term used to describe cells and organisms containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

 

Reciprocal Cross

Is a breeding experiment designed to test the role of parental sex on a given inheritance pattern.

Sex Chromosome

Determine the sex of an organism.

Syndrome

A set of signs and symptoms that tend to occur together and which reflect the presence of a particular disease or an increased 

Translocation

chromosomal abnormalities which occur when chromosomes break and the fragments rejoin to other chromosomes.

X Chromosome And Y Chromosome

X is a sex chromosome found in both females and males. And Y determine The male Sex