Vocabulary Chapter 13 and 14

Adenine

Is a nucleobase (a purine derivative) with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration.

Bacteriophage

Viruses that infect bacteria.

Cloning

Organism that is an exact genetic copy of another

Cytosine

is one of the 5 main nitrogenous bases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell. 

  deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 

is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms

DNA Ligase

catalyze formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 5' phosphate of one strand of DNA and the 3' hydroxyl of the another

 DNA Polymerase

Is an enzyme that helps catalyze in the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand.

 

DNA Repair

Refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.

DNA Replication

Is the second part of interphase where the cell makes an exact copy of the DNA.

 

Guanine

is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

Nucleotide

are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA

Thymine

 Organic compound of the pyrimidine family that is a constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

X-Ray Diffraction 

A photograph or image obtained through the use of x-rays. An x-ray is taken when an image of internal body structures

Anticodon

Region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA

Base Sequence

The order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. 

 

Base-Pair Substitution

a permanent transmissible change in the genetic material

 

Carcinogen

is a substance capable of causing cancer

 

Codon

a series of three adjacent bases in one polynucleotide chain of a DNA or RNA molecule, which codes for a specific amino acid.

 

Deletion

The total loss or part of a gene. 

 

Exon

The region of a gene that contains the code for producing protein.

 

Gene Mutarion

occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene

 

Genetic Code

is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material

 

Insertion

  Insertion of one to a few bases into a DNA strand. Also, a movable attachment of muscle to bone

 

Intron

is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA

 

 

Ionizing Radiation

is energy in the form of waves or particles that has enough force to remove electrons from atoms.

 

Messenger RNA

is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product

 

Mutation Rate

The rate at which a genetic marker mutates or changes over time.